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DOI Prefix 10.20431 |
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ARC Journal of Forensic Science
Volume-2 Issue-1, 2017, Page No: 9-11
Y Chromosomal Haplotypes and Common Surnames in the Population of Benghazi
Samir Elmrghni1,Yvette M.Coulson-Thomas2,Ron A.Dixon3,D.Ross Williams4, Mahmud Kaddura1
1.Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Faculty of Medicine University of Benghazi Libya.
2.School of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK.
In individuals the Y chromosome is approximately 60 Mb long (million base pairs) long and contains only 78 genes. The SRY gene (sex-determining region Y) fixed on the Y chromosome encodes a protein that triggers the development of the testes and through an extended hormonal pathway causes a developing foetus to become male With the exception of two regions, PAR 1 and 2 (PAR = pseudoautosomal region), located at the tips of the chromosome, no recombination occurs through meiosis. 95% of the Y chromosome is non-recombining, male specific, and is passed from father to son unaffected, unless mutations occur. The lack of recombination may be the reason why there are relatively few genes on the Y chromosome. If there is no chromosome crossing over, mutations within genes have little chance to be repaired or rectified and hence will be passed onto the next generation. [1].
Humans have always been curious about their history, often being deeply interested in issues such as ancestry and the origins of mankind, the basis and dynamics of morphological diversity and the geographic and chronological aspects of ethnic differentiation. These questions have been addressed using expertise from various fields and biologists have played a notable and decisive role in deciphering our population histories.
Hereditary surnames contain information about relatedness within populations. They have been used as crude indicators of population structure and migration events, and to subdivide samples for epidemiological purposes. In societies that use patrilineal surnames, a surname should correlate with a type of Y chromosome, provided certain assumptions are met. Recent studies involving Y-chromosomal haplotyping and surname analysis are promising and indicate that genealogists of the future could be turning to records written in DNA, as well as in paper archives, to solve their problems surnames, considered key cultural markers, are being used to further investigate and enhance the genetic signals of population structure when analysing genetic data . Surnames are transmitted through the male line and they are inherited as alleles of a gene. Thus, their transmission should closely match that of DNA of the non-recombining region of the Y-chromosome (NRY). This co-inheritance, together with the low cost and ease of collecting and analyzing surname samples, has made surname studies to deal with a great variety of questions and to achieve a wide space within the fields of Anthropology, Population Genetics, Forensic Genetics, Genealogical Genetics, Epidemiology among others [2]. Nevertheless, other surname characteristics make its use, as a proxy of Y chromosome (Y-C) lineages, be a “crude way to study human inbreeding and migration” [3].
Surnames are interesting because they have been patrilineally inherited since the 13th century and commonly used in the 1500s in several Western European regions [4].
The patrilineal inheritance of both surnames and Y chromosomes suggests that different strata of surnames should correspond to different strata of Y chromosomes. Since this relationship is likely to have become obscured not only by mutation but also by illegitimate births and the change of surnames, quantifying the residual correlation between the two characteristics would be of both theoretical and practical relevance. On the one hand, information about the history of patrilines is useful for the precise estimation of mutation rates and for the assessment of migration behaviours. On the other hand, surnames potentially provide a simple means of stratifying populations prior to Y-chromosomal analyses that target prehistoric events, thereby increasing their efficiency through a reduction in genotyping load. The aim of the present study was thus to assess the extent to which Y-STR haplotypes of Libyan males, born and living in the region of Benghazi, are indicative of a Libyan descent of their surnames.
Permission was taken from 238 different Libyan male individuals (Benghazi region).
DNA Extraction was following the laboratory protocol.
Was used regarding protocol instructions.
Through the ABI Prism 310xl Genetic Analyzer.
Accession number: YA003680.
Analysis included in the YHRD software package.
In the present study, we noticed 7 different haplotypes which did not match were shared by a total of 24 men (Table 1) the Aguri (16 haplotypes) and Abidi (8 haplotypes) (both being common surnames in Benghazi) with some similarity in their shared haplotypes (some Aguri haplotypes shared Abidi haplotypes). For example, the first haplotype, shared by 7 individuals, includes 5 individuals bearing the surname Aguri and 2 individuals bearing the surname Obidi (Table 1). Table 2-describes Surname statistics for selected countries and populations for example in Great Britain the most common surname regarding to that study was Smith and in France was Martin and both studies regarding to hereditary depth time by years as shown in the table below.
Further studies are necessary regarding these types of shared haplotypes to know thcommon patrileneal surname in all parts of Libya.
Our analysis of 238 Libyan male (Benghazi region) observed that 24 different haplotype sharing similar surnames, demonstrates a remarkably strong relationship between these patrilinearly inherited cultural markers and Y-chromosomal haplotypes.
2.School of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK.
Citation : Samir Elmrghni,Yvette M.Coulson-Thomas,Ron A.Dixon,D.Ross Williams, "Y Chromosomal Haplotypes and Common Surnames in the Population of Benghazi" ARC Journal of Forensic Science 2017:2(1):9-11.
Copyright :© 2017 Authors. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Abstract
The fact that many societies employ patrilineal surnames has stimulated interest in the relationship between surname and Y haplotype. In a perfect world, a detailed Y haplotype would automatically provide the surname of the bearer. However, in reality, there are a several perturbing influences: In the current study informed consent was taken from 238 different Libyan male individuals (Benghazi region) and their DNA were typed and analysed, we concluded that 7 different haplotypes were shared by a total of 24 men out of 238 and most of them from individuals bearing the same surname (Aguri & Obidi) which supported the relationship between surname and Y haplotype.
Keywords: Haplotypes, Surname, Benghazi,Forensic Science
1.Introduction
In individuals the Y chromosome is approximately 60 Mb long (million base pairs) long and contains only 78 genes. The SRY gene (sex-determining region Y) fixed on the Y chromosome encodes a protein that triggers the development of the testes and through an extended hormonal pathway causes a developing foetus to become male With the exception of two regions, PAR 1 and 2 (PAR = pseudoautosomal region), located at the tips of the chromosome, no recombination occurs through meiosis. 95% of the Y chromosome is non-recombining, male specific, and is passed from father to son unaffected, unless mutations occur. The lack of recombination may be the reason why there are relatively few genes on the Y chromosome. If there is no chromosome crossing over, mutations within genes have little chance to be repaired or rectified and hence will be passed onto the next generation. [1].
Humans have always been curious about their history, often being deeply interested in issues such as ancestry and the origins of mankind, the basis and dynamics of morphological diversity and the geographic and chronological aspects of ethnic differentiation. These questions have been addressed using expertise from various fields and biologists have played a notable and decisive role in deciphering our population histories.
Hereditary surnames contain information about relatedness within populations. They have been used as crude indicators of population structure and migration events, and to subdivide samples for epidemiological purposes. In societies that use patrilineal surnames, a surname should correlate with a type of Y chromosome, provided certain assumptions are met. Recent studies involving Y-chromosomal haplotyping and surname analysis are promising and indicate that genealogists of the future could be turning to records written in DNA, as well as in paper archives, to solve their problems surnames, considered key cultural markers, are being used to further investigate and enhance the genetic signals of population structure when analysing genetic data . Surnames are transmitted through the male line and they are inherited as alleles of a gene. Thus, their transmission should closely match that of DNA of the non-recombining region of the Y-chromosome (NRY). This co-inheritance, together with the low cost and ease of collecting and analyzing surname samples, has made surname studies to deal with a great variety of questions and to achieve a wide space within the fields of Anthropology, Population Genetics, Forensic Genetics, Genealogical Genetics, Epidemiology among others [2]. Nevertheless, other surname characteristics make its use, as a proxy of Y chromosome (Y-C) lineages, be a “crude way to study human inbreeding and migration” [3].
Surnames are interesting because they have been patrilineally inherited since the 13th century and commonly used in the 1500s in several Western European regions [4].
The patrilineal inheritance of both surnames and Y chromosomes suggests that different strata of surnames should correspond to different strata of Y chromosomes. Since this relationship is likely to have become obscured not only by mutation but also by illegitimate births and the change of surnames, quantifying the residual correlation between the two characteristics would be of both theoretical and practical relevance. On the one hand, information about the history of patrilines is useful for the precise estimation of mutation rates and for the assessment of migration behaviours. On the other hand, surnames potentially provide a simple means of stratifying populations prior to Y-chromosomal analyses that target prehistoric events, thereby increasing their efficiency through a reduction in genotyping load. The aim of the present study was thus to assess the extent to which Y-STR haplotypes of Libyan males, born and living in the region of Benghazi, are indicative of a Libyan descent of their surnames.
2. Material And Methods
Permission was taken from 238 different Libyan male individuals (Benghazi region).
DNA Extraction was following the laboratory protocol.
Was used regarding protocol instructions.
Through the ABI Prism 310xl Genetic Analyzer.
Accession number: YA003680.
Analysis included in the YHRD software package.
3. Results And Discussion
In the present study, we noticed 7 different haplotypes which did not match were shared by a total of 24 men (Table 1) the Aguri (16 haplotypes) and Abidi (8 haplotypes) (both being common surnames in Benghazi) with some similarity in their shared haplotypes (some Aguri haplotypes shared Abidi haplotypes). For example, the first haplotype, shared by 7 individuals, includes 5 individuals bearing the surname Aguri and 2 individuals bearing the surname Obidi (Table 1). Table 2-describes Surname statistics for selected countries and populations for example in Great Britain the most common surname regarding to that study was Smith and in France was Martin and both studies regarding to hereditary depth time by years as shown in the table below.
Further studies are necessary regarding these types of shared haplotypes to know thcommon patrileneal surname in all parts of Libya.
4. Conclusion
Our analysis of 238 Libyan male (Benghazi region) observed that 24 different haplotype sharing similar surnames, demonstrates a remarkably strong relationship between these patrilinearly inherited cultural markers and Y-chromosomal haplotypes.
References
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