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ARC Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences

Volume-2 Issue-3, 2016

Scrub Typhus: A Mini Review on the Rickettsial Infection
Subha Ganguly1*, Rajesh Wakchaure2, Tanvi Mahajan3
Download | Full Text HTML | Page No : 29-36
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2455-2518.0203005

Abstract

Scrub typhus is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, a Gram-negative α-proteobacterium belonging to the family Rickettsiaceae. It was first isolated and identified in 1930 in Japan.


Full Text -HTML

1.AUTHOR DETAILS
2.KEYWORDS
3. INTRODUCTION
4.REFERENCES

AUTHOR DETAILS

Subha Ganguly1*, Rajesh Wakchaure2, Tanvi Mahajan3, Praveen Kumar Praveen4 Kausar Qadri5

1Associate Professor, Department of Veterinary Microbiology,
2Associate Professor, Department of Animal Genetics & Breeding,
3Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Anatomy & Histology,
4Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology,
5Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Medicine, ARAWALI VETERINARY COLLEGE
(Affiliated with Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner), Rajasthan, India
*Corresponding Author: Dr. Subha Ganguly,


KEYWORDS

Rickettsia, Scrub typhus


INTRODUCTION

Some species of trombiculid mites ("chiggers", particularly Leptotrombidium deliense) are responsible for the causation of the disease. These mites are found in areas of heavy scrub vegetation. The bite of this mite produces a characteristic black eschar which is helpful in diagnosis.[1]

DISTRIBUTION

The disease is prevalent in parts of northern Japan, eastern Russia, northern Australia and in Pakistan and Afghanistan in the west. [2,3]

TRANSMISSION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

The precise incidence of the disease is unknown, as diagnostic facilities are not available in much of its large native range which spans vast regions of equatorial jungle to the subtropics. In rural Thailand and Laos, murine and scrub typhus account for around a quarter of all adults presenting to hospital with fever and negative blood cultures. The incidence in Japan has fallen over the past few decades, probably due to land development driving decreasing exposure, and many prefectures report fewer than 50 cases per year.[4-6]

Mostly the females are more commonly affected in Korea. This is attributed to the mpore exposure of the women to vegetation, cultivation and gardening. In West Bengal, in northern areas around Darjeeling the incidences occur frequently.[7-9]

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

The diagnosis of scrub typhus employs various serological techniques viz., Weil-Felix test, indirect immunofluorescence (gold standard test) and indirect immunoperoxidase test.

Other proven methods of diagnosis include PCR and culturing in which the results are not often in concurrence to serological testing.[10,11]


REFERENCES

  1. Seng, B.Y., Yang, H.H., Liou, J.H., Chen, L.K. and Hsu, Y.H. (February 2008). Immunohistochemical study of scrub typhus: a report of two cases. Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci., 24 (2): 92–8. doi:10.1016/S1607-551X(08)70103-7.PMID 18281226.
  2. Watt, G., Kantipong, P, de Souza, M., et al. (2000). HIV-1 suppression during acute scrubtyphus infection. Lancet, 356 (9228): 475–479. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02557-5
  3. Moriuchi, M., Tamura, A. and Moriuchi, H. (2003). In vitro reactivation of human immunodeficiency virus-1 upon stimulation with scrub typhus rickettsial infection. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 68 (5): 557–561.
  4. Pham, X.D., Otsuka, Y., Suzuki, H. and Takaoka, H. (2001).Detection of Orientia tsutsugamushi (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) in unengorged chiggers (Acari: Trombiculidae) from Oita Prefecture, Japan, by nested polymerase chain reaction. J. Med. Entomol., 38 (2): 308– 311. doi:10.1603/0022-2585-38.2.308
  5. Seong, S., Choi, M. and Kim, I. (2001). Orientia tsutsugamushi infection: overview and immune responses. Microbes and Infection, 3 (1): 11–21. doi:10.1016/S1286-4579(00)01352-6
  6. Phongmany, S., Rolain, J.M., Phetsouvanh, R., et al. (February 2006). "Rickettsial infections and fever, Vientiane, Laos". Emerging Infect. Dis. 12 (2): 256–62.doi:10.3201/eid1202.050900
  7. Suttinont, C., Losuwanaluk, K., Niwatayakul, K., et al. (June 2006). Causes of acute, undifferentiated, febrile illness in rural Thailand: results of a prospective observational study. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol., 100 (4): 363–70.doi:10.1179/136485906X112158.
  8. Katayama, T., Hara, M., Furuya, Y., Nikkawa, T., Ogasawara, H. (June 2006). Scrub typhus (tsutsugamushi disease) in Kanagawa Prefecture in 2001–2005. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis., 59(3): 207– 8. PMID 16785710.
  9. Yamamoto, S., Ganmyo, H., Iwakiri, A. and Suzuki, S. (December 2006). Annual incidence of tsutsugamushi disease in Miyazaki prefecture, Japan in 2001-2005. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis., 59 (6): 404–5. PMID 17186964.
  10. Bang, H.A., Lee, M.J., Lee, W.C. (2008). Comparative research on epidemiological aspects of tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) between Korea and Japan. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis., 61 (2): 148– 50. PMID 18362409.
  11. Koh, G.C.K.W., Maude, R.J., Paris, D.H., Newton, P.N. and Blacksell SD (2010). Diagnosis of Scrub Typhus. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 82 (3): 368–370. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0233

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