In most African's countries of Sub-Sahara, population skyrocketing driven impoverishment and hunger. With the aim of contributing to the strengthening of food security, the economic empowerment of rural populations and the sustainable management of soil fertility, several countries have opted for the cultivation of legume plants capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen in symbiosis with certain soil bacteria. The aim of our study was to perform an agronomic characterization of rhizobia nodulating Vigna subterranea (Bambara groundnut), a food legume whose culture is marginalized in Cote d'Ivoire. Thus, 14 rhizobia strains isolated from nodules of three varieties of V. subterranea at an experimental plot in Daloa were agronomically analyzed. All strains were re-nodulated the Ci5 variety of V. subterranea and RVC8, RVC13 and RVC14 strains were identified as the most effective and infective than the reference strain S. meliloti (p < 0.05). Moreover, the yield of the bambara groundnut (number and weight of pods) was improved by indigenous strains RVC1, RVC4, RVC8, RVC13 and RVC14 that are considered most effective than S. meliloti included in this study.