The correct scientific and critical analysis of the generally accepted foundations of classical mechanics is proposed. The methodological basis for the analysis is the unity of formal logic and of rational dialectics. The main results of the analysis are as follows:

1. The correct starting point of kinematics is formulated: the informational definition of the concept of time; definitions of the concepts of motion, speed, and acceleration of material point in the metric system of coordinates; the principle of motion of quantum particle (photon); proof of the mathematical, physical, and formal-logical erroneousness (fallaciousness) of Lorentz transformations;
2. The correct starting point of dynamics is formulated: the definition of force as a physical property of the structure of the system of the interacting objects;
3. The correct starting point of the theory of gravitation is formulated: the condition of existence of the gravitational interaction whichrepresents the condition of existence of the region of overlap (superposition, intersection) of the gravitational fields of the material objects;
4. The correct formulation of the law of gravitation within the framework of the system approach is given (the formulation represents the system of the proportions);
5. It is proved that the formulation of Newton's empirical law of gravitation represents the formal-logical and dialectical errors.